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See also: Exponential Function and Log Function.
Exopential Function: Functions where the variable \(x\) appears as an exponent: \(a^x\)
\(a\) is the base of Exponential function.
Remember that
\(\displaystyle a^0 =1\)
\(\displaystyle a^{\frac{1}{2}} =\sqrt{a}\)
if \(a^b =c\), we can also write, \(a=c^{\frac{1}{b}}\), for example, \(2^3 =8\), and \(2=8^{\frac{1}{3}}\)
\(\displaystyle a^{-b} =\frac{1}{a^b }\)
\(\displaystyle x^a \cdot x^b =x^{a+b}\)
\(\displaystyle x^{a\cdot b} =(x^a )^b\)
Note that the domain of exponential function includes positive and negative \(x\), and the exponential function will always be positive.
If base is below \(1\), then the curve is monotonically downward sloping
If base is above \(1\), then the curve is monotonically upwards sloping
If base is above \(1\), higher base leads to steeper curvature.
syms x
a1 = 0.5;
f_a1 = a1^(x);
a2 = 1.5;
f_a2 = a2^(x);
a3 = 2.5;
f_a3 = a3^(x);
figure();
hold on;
fplot(f_a1, [-2, 2]);
fplot(f_a2, [-2, 2]);
fplot(f_a3, [-2, 2]);
line([0,0],ylim);
line(xlim, [0,0]);
title('Exponential Function Graph with different bases')
legend(['base=',num2str(a1)], ['base=',num2str(a2)],['base=',num2str(a3)]);
grid on;
with 100 percent interest rate (APR), if we compound \(N\) times within a year, interest we pay at the end of the year is
Suppose \(N=5\) (You can also think of this as a loan with interest rate of \(20\)% for every \(73\) days), then we pay \(159\)% interest rate by the end of the year.
r = 1.05;
N = 5;
(1 + r/N)^N - 1
ans = 1.5937
What if we do more and more compounding, if we say interest rate compounds \(10\), \(50\), \(100\) times over the year, what happens? With APR at 100%, the total interest rate you pay at the end of the year does not go to infinity, rather, it converges to this special number \(e\), Euler’s number, \(2.7182818\). This means if every second the interest rate is compounding, with an APR of 100%, you end up paying 272% of what you borrowed by the end of the year, which is 172% interest rate.
We can visualize this limit below
r = 1;
syms N
f_compoundR = (1 + r/N)^N;
figure();
fplot(f_compoundR, [1,100])
ylabel({'Principle and Interests at End of Year Given 100% APR' 'for 1 dollar Borrowed, given infinite compounding'})
xlabel('Number of Evenly-divided Times to Compound Interest Rate in a Year')
grid on;
grid minor
double(subs(f_compoundR,[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]))
ans = 1x10
2.0000 2.2500 2.3704 2.4414 2.4883 2.5216 2.5465 2.5658 2.5812 2.5937
Given:
What is
We can replace \(N\) by \(N=r\cdot M\)
This gives the base \(e\) exponential function a financial interpretation.
syms x
f_e = exp(x);
figure();
hold on;
fplot(f_e, [-3, 3]);
line([0,0],ylim);
line(xlim, [0,0]);
title('Exponential Function Graph with base e')
xlabel('r = interest rate');
ylabel({'Principle and Interests at End of Year' 'for 1 dollar Borrowed, given infinite compounding'})
grid on;